"brennen" meaning in Middle English

{
  "categories": [
    {
      "_dis": "0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
      "kind": "other",
      "langcode": "enm",
      "name": "Temperature",
      "orig": "enm:Temperature",
      "parents": [],
      "source": "w+disamb"
    }
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Scots",
              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "burn"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Middle Scots",
          "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed",
            "uncertain"
          ],
          "word": "burn"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Aukan",
              "lang_code": "djk",
              "word": "boon"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sranan Tongo",
          "lang_code": "srn",
          "word": "bron"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "burn"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "bren"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brenn"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brend"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "bryn"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "bren"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brenn"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brend"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "byrn"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:biernan",
        "4": "ang:bærnan",
        "5": ":bor",
        "6": "non:brenna",
        "id": "burn"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrewh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrenw-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrénuh₁e-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"biernan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"gem-pro\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"ine-pro:*bʰrénuh₁e-<unc><ety:from<ine-pro:*bʰrenw-<ety:der<ine-pro:*bʰrewh₁->>>>\", \"id\" : \"burn\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"causative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"causative suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yeti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éyeti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-janą\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brannijaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brannijan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bærnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Norse\", \"term\" : \"brenna\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"non\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"brennen\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"burn\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"brennen\" id=\"Middle_English:_burn\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "biernan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English biernan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang-ang",
        "2": "beornan"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglian Old English beornan",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brinnan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brinnan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*brinnaną",
        "t": "to burn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "bærnan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English bærnan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang-ang",
        "2": "bernan"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglian Old English bernan",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brannijan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brannijan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*brannijaną",
        "t": "to cause to burn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "brenna"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse brenna",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "biernan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English biernan",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "metathesis"
      },
      "expansion": "metathesis",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm-nor",
        "2": "brin"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Middle English brin",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "brinna"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse brinna",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "brid"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English brid",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Represents a convergence of native and Scandinavian reflexes of two Proto-Germanic verbs (a class 3 strong verb and a class 1 weak causative):\n* Old English biernan (strong class 3; Anglian Old English beornan), from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”).\n* Old English bærnan (also Anglian Old English bernan), from Proto-West Germanic *brannijan (class 1 weak), from Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”).\n* Old Norse brenna (cognate with bærnan) and brinna (the original strong cognate of biernan, which coalesced with brenna in Old West Norse); forms derived from these sources are usual after Early Middle English, though inherited forms (particularly from bærnan) persist in the West Midlands. In principle, forms beginning with br- may also reflect unmetathesized or remetathesized reflexes of Old English biernan or bærnan, though there is very little Old English evidence for such forms.\nDespite superficially resembling byrnan, late Middle English burn probably represents a later metathesis of Northern Middle English brin, thus continuing Old Norse brinna (compare modern bird, curd, dirt, third, thirty with Middle English brid, crudde, drit, thridde, thritty), since forms such as burn are rare before Late Middle English and do not particularly cluster around the regions where one would expect a reflex of byrnan with ⟨u⟩. Alongside the lack of attested strong participle forms in Middle English, this also rules out Jordan's proposal that it continues (ġe)burnen (the past participle of byrnan).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "brenneth",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennynge",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brent",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to brennen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brentest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenneth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenneden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenten",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenneth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ybrenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ybrent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bren",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "barnin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "beornen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "burnen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bearne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bearnen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bærnen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bærnenn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Ormulum"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennenn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Ormulum"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "beerne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "berne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bernen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "branne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennyn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "birne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brine",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brinne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brynne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "burn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "burne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "brennen",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "brenneth",
        "2": "brennynge",
        "3": "brente",
        "4": "brent"
      },
      "expansion": "brennen (third-person singular simple present brenneth, present participle brennynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative brente, past participle brent)",
      "name": "enm-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "brenn",
        "2a1": "bren",
        "c": "ede",
        "c2": "te"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 9 8 8 1 1 1 8 8 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 18 18 18 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 18 18 18 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 19 19 19 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 19 19 19 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 21 21 21 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Emotions",
          "orig": "enm:Emotions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to undergo combustion."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-6YrxltcP",
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "combustion",
          "combustion"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To burn; to undergo combustion."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 9 8 8 1 1 1 8 8 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
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          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
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        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 18 18 18 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 18 18 18 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 19 19 19 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 19 19 19 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 21 21 21 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Emotions",
          "orig": "enm:Emotions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 26 26 26 0 1 1 1 16 0 0 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Light",
          "orig": "enm:Light",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "5 30 22 22 0 0 0 0 20 0 0 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Religion",
          "orig": "enm:Religion",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To burn a sacrifice or offering."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-8sa7jViW",
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "set",
          "set"
        ],
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To burn a sacrifice or offering."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 9 8 8 1 1 1 8 8 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 18 18 18 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 18 18 18 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 19 19 19 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 19 19 19 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 21 21 21 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Emotions",
          "orig": "enm:Emotions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 9 10 10 11 9 9 7 7 7 11 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "enm:Fire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 26 26 26 0 1 1 1 16 0 0 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Light",
          "orig": "enm:Light",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "3 4 61 4 7 4 3 4 3 2 3 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Torture",
          "orig": "enm:Torture",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              90,
              97
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              89,
              95
            ]
          ],
          "english": "The fire of hell is permanent and forever unextinguished, so that it can always exist to scorch and torment […]",
          "ref": "c. 1180, Orͬm, “Secundum Iohannem .XVIII. [John 1:19]”, in Orͬmulum (Bodleian MS. Junius 1), Bourne Abbey, Lincolnshire, folio 80, recto; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 10 January 2019:",
          "text": "Þe fır off helle ıſſ endelæſ. ⁊ aᵹᫌ occ aᵹᫌ unᷠcƿenᷠkedd. Sƿa ꝥ ıtt muᵹͪe laſſtenᷠ. a. To bærnenᷠ. ⁊ to pınenᷠ.",
          "translation": "The fire of hell is permanent and forever unextinguished, so that it can always exist to scorch and torment […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To torture or kill with fire."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-gF3uzWTq",
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "set",
          "set"
        ],
        [
          "torture",
          "torture"
        ],
        [
          "kill",
          "kill"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To torture or kill with fire."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 7 1 1 1 9 8 8 1 1 1 8 8 7 7 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with 5 entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "8 8 0 1 0 0 0 2 7 0 0 0 9 9 8 0 0 0 9 8 8 8 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with entries",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "19 18 18 18 3 5 3 4 3 3 2 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "18 18 18 18 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "21 19 19 19 2 4 3 3 2 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 19 19 19 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "20 20 20 20 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 3",
          "kind": "other",
          "name": "Pages with etymon",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "22 21 21 21 1 1 1 1 1 5 5 0",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Emotions",
          "orig": "enm:Emotions",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 9 10 10 11 9 9 7 7 7 11 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "enm:Fire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "2 26 26 26 0 1 1 1 16 0 0 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Light",
          "orig": "enm:Light",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              25,
              30
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              33,
              37
            ]
          ],
          "english": "[…] that fire will break out and burn into black ashes all / the houses and homes of those who demand / presents and yearly donations because of their positions.",
          "ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus ııȷ᷒”, in Lıber de petro plowman (L, B-text), London, published c. 1395, folio 11, recto; republished as Hoyt N. Duggan, Ralph Hanna, editors, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Laud misc. 581 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 6), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
          "text": "That fyre shal falle and berne· al to blo aſkes / The houſes and þe homes· of hem [þat] deſıreth / Ȝıftes oꝛ ȝereſȝyues· bı cauſe of here offıces",
          "translation": "[…] that fire will break out and burn into black ashes all / the houses and homes of those who demand / presents and yearly donations because of their positions.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              88,
              94
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              91,
              95
            ]
          ],
          "english": "That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief",
          "ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:",
          "text": "That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefe",
          "translation": "That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To raze or destroy by fire."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-V8NMw4Ky",
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "set",
          "set"
        ],
        [
          "raze",
          "raze"
        ],
        [
          "destroy",
          "destroy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To raze or destroy by fire."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 9 10 10 11 9 9 7 7 7 11 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "enm:Fire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To apply fire to:",
        "To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-1w~3IzU~",
      "links": [
        [
          "apply",
          "apply"
        ],
        [
          "injure",
          "injure"
        ],
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
        "To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "7 7 7 7 4 38 5 5 5 5 4 4",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Cooking",
          "orig": "enm:Cooking",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To apply fire to:",
        "To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-7NlLC2ap",
      "links": [
        [
          "apply",
          "apply"
        ],
        [
          "toast",
          "toast"
        ],
        [
          "roast",
          "roast"
        ],
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
        "To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To apply fire to:",
        "To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-daJAAvDp",
      "links": [
        [
          "apply",
          "apply"
        ],
        [
          "calcine",
          "calcine"
        ],
        [
          "refine",
          "refine"
        ],
        [
          "dry",
          "dry"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
        "To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "glosses": [
        "To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be hot or burning."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-k4cvmwYC",
      "links": [
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "hot",
          "hot"
        ],
        [
          "burning",
          "burning"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be hot or burning."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "2 26 26 26 0 1 1 1 16 0 0 1",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Light",
          "orig": "enm:Light",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be bright or shiny."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-eJgxpaUI",
      "links": [
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "bright",
          "bright"
        ],
        [
          "shiny",
          "shiny"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be bright or shiny."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              49,
              57
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              62,
              77
            ]
          ],
          "english": "Similarly, the men abandoned natural relations with women and became inflamed in their lust towards each other. So men engaged in indecency towards men and received for themselves the deserved reward for their wrongdoing.",
          "ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Romayns 1:26, folio 55, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
          "text": "alſo þe men foꝛſoken þe kyndli vſſ of wõman .· ⁊ bꝛēneden ĩ her deſires togidere / ⁊ men in to men wrouȝtẽ filþeheed .· ⁊ reſſeyueden in to hẽ ſılf þe meede þat bihofte of her errour /",
          "translation": "Similarly, the men abandoned natural relations with women and became inflamed in their lust towards each other. So men engaged in indecency towards men and received for themselves the deserved reward for their wrongdoing.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be emotionally fervent."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-DqdAd8Nt",
      "links": [
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "emotionally",
          "emotionally"
        ],
        [
          "fervent",
          "fervent"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be emotionally fervent."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "_dis": "0 9 10 10 11 9 9 7 7 7 11 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "enm:Fire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "To emotionally actuate or impel."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-HPmzZAVS",
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act"
        ],
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "emotionally",
          "emotionally"
        ],
        [
          "actuate",
          "actuate"
        ],
        [
          "impel",
          "impel"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "To emotionally actuate or impel."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Medicine",
          "orig": "enm:Medicine",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Pathology",
          "orig": "enm:Pathology",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w"
        },
        {
          "_dis": "0 9 10 10 11 9 9 7 7 7 11 11",
          "kind": "other",
          "langcode": "enm",
          "name": "Fire",
          "orig": "enm:Fire",
          "parents": [],
          "source": "w+disamb"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "To corrode or inflame."
      ],
      "id": "en-brennen-enm-verb-95iTitfE",
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act"
        ],
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "medicine",
          "medicine"
        ],
        [
          "pathology",
          "pathology"
        ],
        [
          "corrode",
          "corrode"
        ],
        [
          "inflame",
          "inflame"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "(medicine, pathology) To corrode or inflame."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "medicine",
        "pathology",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbrɛnən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/brin/",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/birn/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/burn/",
      "note": "Late Middle English, metathetic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛrnən/",
      "note": "uncommon, from Old English biernan, bærnan"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛːrnən/",
      "note": "uncommon, from Old English biernan, bærnan"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbeːrnən/",
      "note": "uncommon, from Old English biernan, bærnan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "brennen"
}

{
  "categories": [
    "Middle English entries referencing missing etymons",
    "Middle English entries with etymon",
    "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
    "Middle English lemmas",
    "Middle English terms borrowed from Old Norse",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old English",
    "Middle English terms derived from Old Norse",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰrewh₁-",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
    "Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
    "Middle English verbs",
    "Middle English weak verbs",
    "Pages using etymon with no ID",
    "Pages with 5 entries",
    "Pages with entries",
    "Pages with etymon",
    "enm:Cooking",
    "enm:Emotions",
    "enm:Fire",
    "enm:Light",
    "enm:Religion",
    "enm:Temperature",
    "enm:Torture"
  ],
  "descendants": [
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Scots",
              "lang_code": "sco",
              "word": "burn"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Middle Scots",
          "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
          "raw_tags": [
            "borrowed",
            "uncertain"
          ],
          "word": "burn"
        },
        {
          "descendants": [
            {
              "lang": "Aukan",
              "lang_code": "djk",
              "word": "boon"
            }
          ],
          "lang": "Sranan Tongo",
          "lang_code": "srn",
          "word": "bron"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "English",
      "lang_code": "en",
      "word": "burn"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "bren"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brenn"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brend"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "bryn"
    },
    {
      "descendants": [
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "bren"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brenn"
        },
        {
          "lang": "Scots",
          "lang_code": "sco",
          "word": "brend"
        }
      ],
      "lang": "Middle Scots",
      "lang_code": "gmw-msc",
      "word": "byrn"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": ":inh",
        "3": "ang:biernan",
        "4": "ang:bærnan",
        "5": ":bor",
        "6": "non:brenna",
        "id": "burn"
      },
      "expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrewh₁-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrenw-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*bʰrénuh₁e-\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"biernan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" }, { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"is_duplicate\" : true, \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : { \"1\" : \"gem-pro\", \"2\" : \":inh\", \"3\" : \"ine-pro:*bʰrénuh₁e-<unc><ety:from<ine-pro:*bʰrenw-<ety:der<ine-pro:*bʰrewh₁->>>>\", \"id\" : \"burn\" }, \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brinnaną\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" }, { \"id\" : \"causative\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"causative suffix\", \"children\" : [ { \"terms\" : [ { \"id\" : \"forming verbs\", \"children\" : [ ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-yeti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*-éyeti\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-janą\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brannijaną\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*brannijan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"bærnan\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" }, { \"keyword_abbrev\" : \"bor.\", \"keyword_label\" : \"Borrowed from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Norse\", \"term\" : \"brenna\", \"status\" : \"missing\", \"lang\" : \"non\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"bor\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"brennen\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"burn\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"brennen\" id=\"Middle_English:_burn\">",
      "name": "etymon"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "biernan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English biernan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang-ang",
        "2": "beornan"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglian Old English beornan",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brinnan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brinnan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*brinnaną",
        "t": "to burn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "ang",
        "3": "bærnan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English bærnan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang-ang",
        "2": "bernan"
      },
      "expansion": "Anglian Old English bernan",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gmw-pro",
        "3": "*brannijan"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *brannijan",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "gem-pro",
        "3": "*brannijaną",
        "t": "to cause to burn"
      },
      "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”)",
      "name": "inh"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "non",
        "3": "brenna"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse brenna",
      "name": "bor"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "ang",
        "2": "biernan"
      },
      "expansion": "Old English biernan",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "metathesis"
      },
      "expansion": "metathesis",
      "name": "glossary"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm-nor",
        "2": "brin"
      },
      "expansion": "Northern Middle English brin",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "non",
        "2": "brinna"
      },
      "expansion": "Old Norse brinna",
      "name": "m+"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "brid"
      },
      "expansion": "Middle English brid",
      "name": "m+"
    }
  ],
  "etymology_text": "Represents a convergence of native and Scandinavian reflexes of two Proto-Germanic verbs (a class 3 strong verb and a class 1 weak causative):\n* Old English biernan (strong class 3; Anglian Old English beornan), from Proto-West Germanic *brinnan, from Proto-Germanic *brinnaną (“to burn”).\n* Old English bærnan (also Anglian Old English bernan), from Proto-West Germanic *brannijan (class 1 weak), from Proto-Germanic *brannijaną (“to cause to burn”).\n* Old Norse brenna (cognate with bærnan) and brinna (the original strong cognate of biernan, which coalesced with brenna in Old West Norse); forms derived from these sources are usual after Early Middle English, though inherited forms (particularly from bærnan) persist in the West Midlands. In principle, forms beginning with br- may also reflect unmetathesized or remetathesized reflexes of Old English biernan or bærnan, though there is very little Old English evidence for such forms.\nDespite superficially resembling byrnan, late Middle English burn probably represents a later metathesis of Northern Middle English brin, thus continuing Old Norse brinna (compare modern bird, curd, dirt, third, thirty with Middle English brid, crudde, drit, thridde, thritty), since forms such as burn are rare before Late Middle English and do not particularly cluster around the regions where one would expect a reflex of byrnan with ⟨u⟩. Alongside the lack of attested strong participle forms in Middle English, this also rules out Jordan's proposal that it continues (ġe)burnen (the past participle of byrnan).",
  "forms": [
    {
      "form": "brenneth",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennynge",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "indicative",
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brent",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "weak",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "table-tags"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "enm-conj-wk",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "inflection-template"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "to brennen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "infinitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "first-person",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennedest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brentest",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "second-person",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenneth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "third-person"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "present",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "singular",
        "subjunctive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "present",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "singular"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennen",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenneden",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennede",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenten",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brente",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenneth",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "plural",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "-",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "imperative",
        "past",
        "plural"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennynge",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennende",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "present"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ybrenned",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "ybrent",
      "source": "conjugation",
      "tags": [
        "participle",
        "past"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bren",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brenne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "barnin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "beornen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "burnen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Early-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bearne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bearnen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bærnen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bærnenn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Ormulum"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennenn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Ormulum"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "beerne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "berne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "bernen",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "branne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brennyn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "birne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brin",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brine",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brinne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "brynne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Northern",
        "especially"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "byrne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "burn",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    },
    {
      "form": "burne",
      "tags": [
        "alternative",
        "Late-Middle-English"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "head_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "enm",
        "2": "verb",
        "head": ""
      },
      "expansion": "brennen",
      "name": "head"
    },
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "brenneth",
        "2": "brennynge",
        "3": "brente",
        "4": "brent"
      },
      "expansion": "brennen (third-person singular simple present brenneth, present participle brennynge, first-/third-person singular past indicative brente, past participle brent)",
      "name": "enm-verb"
    }
  ],
  "inflection_templates": [
    {
      "args": {
        "1": "brenn",
        "2a1": "bren",
        "c": "ede",
        "c2": "te"
      },
      "name": "enm-conj-wk"
    }
  ],
  "lang": "Middle English",
  "lang_code": "enm",
  "pos": "verb",
  "senses": [
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to undergo combustion."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "combustion",
          "combustion"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To burn; to undergo combustion."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs",
        "Middle English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To burn a sacrifice or offering."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "set",
          "set"
        ],
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To burn a sacrifice or offering."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs",
        "Middle English terms with quotations",
        "Middle English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              90,
              97
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              89,
              95
            ]
          ],
          "english": "The fire of hell is permanent and forever unextinguished, so that it can always exist to scorch and torment […]",
          "ref": "c. 1180, Orͬm, “Secundum Iohannem .XVIII. [John 1:19]”, in Orͬmulum (Bodleian MS. Junius 1), Bourne Abbey, Lincolnshire, folio 80, recto; republished at Oxford: Digital Bodleian, 10 January 2019:",
          "text": "Þe fır off helle ıſſ endelæſ. ⁊ aᵹᫌ occ aᵹᫌ unᷠcƿenᷠkedd. Sƿa ꝥ ıtt muᵹͪe laſſtenᷠ. a. To bærnenᷠ. ⁊ to pınenᷠ.",
          "translation": "The fire of hell is permanent and forever unextinguished, so that it can always exist to scorch and torment […]",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To torture or kill with fire."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "set",
          "set"
        ],
        [
          "torture",
          "torture"
        ],
        [
          "kill",
          "kill"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To torture or kill with fire."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs",
        "Middle English terms with quotations",
        "Middle English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              25,
              30
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              33,
              37
            ]
          ],
          "english": "[…] that fire will break out and burn into black ashes all / the houses and homes of those who demand / presents and yearly donations because of their positions.",
          "ref": "c. 1378-9, [William Langland], “Paſſus ııȷ᷒”, in Lıber de petro plowman (L, B-text), London, published c. 1395, folio 11, recto; republished as Hoyt N. Duggan, Ralph Hanna, editors, Oxford, Bodleian Library MS Laud misc. 581 (The Piers Plowman Electronic Archive; 6), SEENET, 2014, →ISBN:",
          "text": "That fyre shal falle and berne· al to blo aſkes / The houſes and þe homes· of hem [þat] deſıreth / Ȝıftes oꝛ ȝereſȝyues· bı cauſe of here offıces",
          "translation": "[…] that fire will break out and burn into black ashes all / the houses and homes of those who demand / presents and yearly donations because of their positions.",
          "type": "quotation"
        },
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              88,
              94
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              91,
              95
            ]
          ],
          "english": "That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief",
          "ref": "1387–1400, Geoffrey Chaucer, “The Manciples Tale”, in The Canterbury Tales (in Middle English), [Westminster: William Caxton, published 1478], →OCLC; republished in [William Thynne], editor, The Workes of Geffray Chaucer Newlye Printed, […], [London]: […] [Richard Grafton for] Iohn Reynes […], 1542, →OCLC, folio xcix, recto, column 2:",
          "text": "That for the tyraunt is of greater might / By force of meyne, to ſlee downe right / And brenne houſe & home, & make al playn, / Lo therfore is he called a capitayne / And for the outlawe hath but ſmal meyne / And maie not do ſo great an harm, as he / Ne brynge a countrey to ſo great miſchefe / Men callen him an outlawe or a thefe",
          "translation": "That because the tyrant is of greater might / By force of retinue, to slay downright / And burn house and home, and make all level / Lo therefore is he called a captain / And because the outlaw has but a small retinue / And may not do so great a harm as he [the tyrant] / Nor bring a country to so great mischief / Men call him an outlaw or a thief",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To raze or destroy by fire."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ],
        [
          "set",
          "set"
        ],
        [
          "raze",
          "raze"
        ],
        [
          "destroy",
          "destroy"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To burn; to set on fire:",
        "To raze or destroy by fire."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs",
        "Middle English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To apply fire to:",
        "To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "apply",
          "apply"
        ],
        [
          "injure",
          "injure"
        ],
        [
          "burn",
          "burn"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
        "To injure with fire; to cause a burn."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs",
        "Middle English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To apply fire to:",
        "To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "apply",
          "apply"
        ],
        [
          "toast",
          "toast"
        ],
        [
          "roast",
          "roast"
        ],
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
        "To toast or roast; to mark with fire in cooking."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs",
        "Middle English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To apply fire to:",
        "To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "apply",
          "apply"
        ],
        [
          "calcine",
          "calcine"
        ],
        [
          "refine",
          "refine"
        ],
        [
          "dry",
          "dry"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(ambitransitive) To apply fire to:",
        "To calcine; to heat to refine or dry."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "ambitransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be hot or burning."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "hot",
          "hot"
        ],
        [
          "burning",
          "burning"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be hot or burning."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be bright or shiny."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "bright",
          "bright"
        ],
        [
          "shiny",
          "shiny"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be bright or shiny."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English intransitive verbs",
        "Middle English terms with quotations"
      ],
      "examples": [
        {
          "bold_text_offsets": [
            [
              49,
              57
            ]
          ],
          "bold_translation_offsets": [
            [
              62,
              77
            ]
          ],
          "english": "Similarly, the men abandoned natural relations with women and became inflamed in their lust towards each other. So men engaged in indecency towards men and received for themselves the deserved reward for their wrongdoing.",
          "ref": "c. 1395, John Wycliffe, John Purvey [et al.], transl., Bible (Wycliffite Bible (later version), MS Lich 10.), published c. 1410, Romayns 1:26, folio 55, verso, column 1; republished as Wycliffe's translation of the New Testament, Lichfield: Bill Endres, 2010:",
          "text": "alſo þe men foꝛſoken þe kyndli vſſ of wõman .· ⁊ bꝛēneden ĩ her deſires togidere / ⁊ men in to men wrouȝtẽ filþeheed .· ⁊ reſſeyueden in to hẽ ſılf þe meede þat bihofte of her errour /",
          "translation": "Similarly, the men abandoned natural relations with women and became inflamed in their lust towards each other. So men engaged in indecency towards men and received for themselves the deserved reward for their wrongdoing.",
          "type": "quotation"
        }
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be emotionally fervent."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "emotionally",
          "emotionally"
        ],
        [
          "fervent",
          "fervent"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(intransitive) To resemble or behave like fire:",
        "To be emotionally fervent."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "intransitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English transitive verbs"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "To emotionally actuate or impel."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act"
        ],
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "emotionally",
          "emotionally"
        ],
        [
          "actuate",
          "actuate"
        ],
        [
          "impel",
          "impel"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "To emotionally actuate or impel."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ]
    },
    {
      "categories": [
        "Middle English transitive verbs",
        "enm:Medicine",
        "enm:Pathology"
      ],
      "glosses": [
        "To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "To corrode or inflame."
      ],
      "links": [
        [
          "act",
          "act"
        ],
        [
          "fire",
          "fire"
        ],
        [
          "medicine",
          "medicine"
        ],
        [
          "pathology",
          "pathology"
        ],
        [
          "corrode",
          "corrode"
        ],
        [
          "inflame",
          "inflame"
        ]
      ],
      "raw_glosses": [
        "(transitive) To act like fire; to metaphorically \"burn\":",
        "(medicine, pathology) To corrode or inflame."
      ],
      "tags": [
        "transitive"
      ],
      "topics": [
        "medicine",
        "pathology",
        "sciences"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sounds": [
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbrɛnən/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/brin/",
      "tags": [
        "Northern"
      ]
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/birn/"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/burn/",
      "note": "Late Middle English, metathetic"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛrnən/",
      "note": "uncommon, from Old English biernan, bærnan"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbɛːrnən/",
      "note": "uncommon, from Old English biernan, bærnan"
    },
    {
      "ipa": "/ˈbeːrnən/",
      "note": "uncommon, from Old English biernan, bærnan"
    }
  ],
  "word": "brennen"
}